1.
Prevelance Of Brucellosis In Aborted Women Visiting Tertiary Care Hospitals Of Lahore City
by Saba Yasmin (2009-VA-211) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Tayyaba Ijaz (Co Supervisor) | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Pakistan is an agriculture based country whose rural population depends upon livestock for livelihood. Contribution of livestock to agriculture sector is 55.9 percent while 11.8 percent to the national GDP during 2013-14 (GOP 2013-2014). A number of infectious diseases hamper the growth of livestock sector. Some of the livestock diseases are zoonotic in nature and threat to human health. Brucellosis is considered among major zoonotic diseases throughout the world. The Mediterranean Basin, south and Central America, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and the Middle East are considered as high-risk countries (Memish 2001).
Brucellosis in human beings is a major concern of community health. It causes acute and chronic illness, physical incapacity and loss of health. Bacterial species involved include Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis or Brucella suis. Brucellosis is acquired by human beings from infected animals by close contact with vaginal secretions, urine, feces, blood, aborted fetus, or consumption of unpasteurized milk or other raw milk products. Shepherds, milkmen, butchers, knackers, veterinary assistants and abattoir workers are at high risk (Agasthya et al. 2007). Prevalence of brucellosis recorded by Mukhtar and Kokab (2008) in abattoir workers of Lahore Pakistan was 21.7 percent. Higher prevalence of brucellosis was observed in females (37.06%) than males (24.2%) in patients admitted at Peshawar, Pakistan (Shahid et al. 2014).
Symptoms of disease vary among human patients, ranging from non–specific, flu-like symptoms (acute form) to undulant fever (chronic form). Some of the serious complications of skeletal system, cardiovascular and central nervous systems may develop. Other important signs observed include arthritis, orchitis, epididymitis, abortion, retained placenta and stillbirth (Baba et al. 2001; Grilló et al. 2006). In animals, brucellosis in most of the cases results in abortion, birth of weak calves, death of young stock, infertility in males and reduced milk yield in females (Maadi et al. 2011; Abubakar et al. 2012).
There is actual need for teamwork between public health officials and veterinary officers to reduce communication of brucellosis between animals and human in endemic areas (Jelastopulu et al. 2008; Makis et al. 2008). Clinical picture of brucellosis is nonspecific and may vary from patient to patient. Therefore, laboratory diagnosis by isolation and culture or recognition of specific anti–Brucella antibodies is essential for confirmation of brucellosis (Al-Attas et al. 2000).
Diagnosis of brucellosis by culture and phenotypic description is time-consuming. Furthermore, risk of infection to worker is always there. Serological tests are commonly preferred for brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants, especially at farm level screening. Chance of cross-reactions with other gram negative bacteria is a major problem. Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test (RBPT) and Slow Agglutination Test (SAT) are extensively used for detection of anti-Brucella antibodies (Halling et al. 2005). Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) have been developed to resolve suspected samples by RBPT. ELISA is more sensitive, so it can detect Brucella carriers which are negative by RBT, SAT and CFT (Aert et al. 1984). Molecular techniques are more reliable and specific than serological tests. Final confirmation of brucellosis is carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a molecular technique. Real-time PCR offers enhanced sensitivity, specificity and rapidity of performance when compared to conventional PCR (Gwida et al. 2012). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2225-T] (1).
2.
Production Of Single Cell Protein By Using Banana Peels As Substrate And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Sheraz Yasin (2012-VA-603) | Miss Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The term single cell protein (SCP) refers to dead, dry microbial cells or total proteins extracted from pure microbial cell culture and is produced using a number of different microorganisms including bacterium, fungus and algae. It can also be called biomass, bioprotein or microbial protein.
Besides high protein content (about 60-82% of dry cell weight), SCP also contains fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals.
Fermentation media containing grinded banana peel as substrate was used to check the production of single cell protein for the selected Arachniotus sp. Different parameters were optimized for higher production of SCP e.g: Incubation period, pH, volume of inoculum, carbohydrate source, concentration of corn steep liquor and ionic salts concentration.
The biomass yield was estimated for total protein content by Lowrymethod. Biomass produced from fermentation was used for biological evaluation in feed trials of broiler chicks.
It is found that Arachniotus sp gave maximum single cell protein 7.49 g/L using 10 g banana peels at 72 hours incubation period. And protein concentration increased 7.58 g/L by optimizing volume of inoculum 2ml. It is observed in present study carbohydrate source also increases the protein concentration 8.41 g/L when carbohydrate source was optimized (glucose 3%).
Later on it was found that nitrogen source also enhance the protein production upto 12.61 g/L by using 2% corn steep liquor. Results also revealed that ionic salt concentration also play important role in the production of biomass protein, addition of 0.075% CaCl2.H2O produced 14.45 g/L single cell protein using above mentioned optimized conditions. 0.050 %
K2HPO4 produced 15.06 g/L. Addition of 0.050% MgSO4.7H2O produced maximum protein 15.86 g/L.
Biological evaluation in broiler chicks of this biomass protein shown there is no deleterious effects on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization. Maximum weight gain observed 215.6 grams in the group (C) in which 50% sunflower meal was replaced with biomass protein.
Feed conversion ratio in group (C) was 2.64 in which 50% sunflower meal was replaced by biomass protein and in group (B) was 2.51 in which 25% sunflower meal was replaced. And in control group (A) feed conversion ratio was 2.41.
Protein efficiency ratio was observed with non-significant value. And same results were shown by Chaves et al (1988) who reported non-significant differences among the standard and test diet when Chaetominumcellulolyticum biomass was fed to chicks. Net protein utilization observed in present study gave significant P value among the groups.
So it is concluded that single cell protein produced by this method is cheap and can be used in the food industry as food supplements and can also be included in poultry feed. The study findings suggested that microbial biomass produced by Arachniotus sp using banana peels as substrate can be replaced upto 50% of the protein supply by sunflower meal without any deleterious effects on growing broiler chicks. Moreover, it will also help in the reduction of pollution by using waste i.e. banana peel for useful purpose.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2347-T] (1).
3.
Production Of Polyhydroxybutyrate By Submerged Fermentation Using Agricultural By-Products
by Zainab Bibi (2015-VA-802) | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Shagufta Saeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Increasing non-degradable waste on planet is the major environmental concern these days. Hence, there is an absolute need of “eco-friendly” plastics. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is the most popular biodegradable as well as eco-friendly polymer. However, high production cost of PHB is still a major problem in the commercialization of biodegradable plastics. Process economics revealed that the use of cheap and renewable carbon substrates such as agro-industrial wastes can account for 40-50% reduction in overall production cost.
In present study wheat bran, gram bran, rice bran, wheat straw and sesame oil cake were used to check PHB production using Azotobacter vinelandii NRRL-146641. For this purpose, 0.5ml inoculum was added in fermentation media and kept for incubation at 24-48 hrs. After incubation, both physical and chemical parameters such as (substrate water ratio, incubation time, inoculum volume, pH, agitation rate and nitrogen sources) were optimized. Optimized culture medium was centrifuged and obtained sediment was then used for analysis.
It was found that Azotobacter vinelandii in Rice bran contained medium gives maximum yield of PHB (248mg/100mL) at 8% substrate water ratio after 96 hours of incubation period (292mg/100mL), at 1.5 mL of volume of inoculum (304 mg/100mL), at pH 6.0 (316 mg/100mL), at 160 rpm agitation rate (416mg/100ml) at 0.3 % of yeast extract (446 mg/100mL) and 0.25% (436mg/100mL) of peptone. Obtained data was then analyzed by means of ONE-WAY ANOVA and through LSD test. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2855-T] (1).
